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PHYS-BS - Physics (BS)

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PhysicsUndergraduate MatriculatedBS - Bachelor of Science

Program Overview

Each Physics major takes a set of required courses common to all pathways (described under “Core Program Requirements” below), and an additional six courses in one of eight defined pathways (described under “Depth in Discipline” below): Astrophysics, Biophysics, Computational Physics & Data Science, Geophysics, Mathematical Physics, Physics Education, Quantum Science & Information, or the Core pathway, which is the recommended starting point for students considering applying to Ph.D. programs in Physics. The Writing in the Major requirement is satisfied by PHYSICS 191 (Scientific Communication in Physics).

The mission of the undergraduate program in Physics is to provide students with a strong foundation in both classical and modern physics. The goal of the program is to develop both quantitative problem-solving skills and the ability to conceive experiments and analyze and interpret data. These abilities are acquired through both coursework and opportunities to conduct independent research. The program prepares students for careers in fields that benefit from quantitative and analytical thinking, including physics, engineering, teaching, medicine, law, science writing, and science policy, in government or the private sector. In some cases, the path to this career will be through an advanced degree in physics or a professional program.

Physics is concerned with a rigorous, mathematical understanding of the fundamental laws that govern our universe and everything in it. The Physics major provides students with a foundational understanding of the pillars of modern physics: mechanics, electromagnetic theory, quantum mechanics, and statistical mechanics. The major is designed around a range of pathways that allow students the flexibility to explore a particular interest in more depth, including but not limited to astrophysics, biophysics, computational and mathematical physics, education, geophysics, and quantum information science.

Physics majors have gone on to pursue careers in basic or applied research, teaching, and policy, as well as many parts of the private sector as engineers, consultants, and founders of startups. Others have combined the Physics major with a minor or major in the humanities and pursued careers in the arts.

Physics majors often pursue advanced degrees, including coterminal master's degrees in Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, Applied & Engineering Physics, Statistics and other fields, and Ph.D. programs in physics or other fields.

Physics Placement Diagnostic

All students:  You must take the Physics Placement Diagnostic if you intend to enroll in either course or course or course or course and you have never taken an entry-level Physics course at Stanford -- i.e., you have not taken at least one of PHYS 21, 23, 25, 41, 41A/E, 43, 45, 61, 63, 65.

For more information, see the department's  Physics Placement Diagnostic page.

How to Declare the Major in Physics

All prospective physics majors should take the Physics Placement Diagnostic to get sound advice on which introductory physics sequence will be sufficiently challenging without being overwhelming, and where to begin in that sequence. During their first year at Stanford, prospective Physics majors are encouraged to take, each quarter, the highest level Math course (among Math 19, 20, 21, and the 50 series) for which they satisfy the prerequisites. Prospective majors, especially those who are beginning the major during sophomore year, can contact the undergraduate program coordinator (elva@stanford.edu) to arrange an advising appointment. Students who have had previous college-level courses should make an advising appointment for placement and possible transfer credit. For additional information on Advanced Placement, see the Registrar's Website. You can view the BS in Physics approval form here.

Completion requirement
Each Physics major takes a set of required courses common to all pathways, and an additional six courses in one of eight defined pathways or, in rare cases, an individually designed pathway.

All courses for the Physics major must be taken for a letter grade, and a grade of 'C-' or better must be received for all units applied toward the major. The only exceptions for which a grade of S or CR is acceptable are PHYSICS 42, 44, 46, 62, 64, 67, and one and only one of the following courses: PHYSICS 41, 43, 45, 61, 63, 65. Temporary exceptions to this policy are as follows:

(2020-21)

The Department of Physics counts all courses taken in academic year 2020-21 with a grade of 'CR' (credit) or 'S' (satisfactory) towards satisfaction of undergraduate Physics degree requirements that otherwise require a letter grade. 

(2021-22)

The Department of Physics counts PHYSICS 41, 43, 45, 61, 63, or 65 taken in academic year 2021-22 with a grade of 'CR' (credit) or a letter grade of C- or higher towards satisfaction of undergraduate Physics degree requirements for introductory physics.

Students who have already learned the material in some of the required introductory physics and math courses may petition to substitute more advanced courses (generally Physics and Math Electives) instead for the major.  This petition must be approved by the Physics Major Advisor and the Director of Undergraduate Studies.  Interested students should contact the Student Services Officer in the Physics Department.  In no case will this reduce the total number of courses required for the major.

See these sample four-year plans that illustrate how to complete the required courses for all pathways for different starting points in the math and physics sequences.

All students who would like to enroll in either course Light and Heat or course Mechanics and Special Relativity must take the Placement Diagnostic if they have never taken an Introductory Physics course at Stanford (i.e., not taken at least one of the following courses: PHYSICS 21, 23, 25, 41, 41A/E, 43, 45, 61, 63, 65).

All frosh must take the Placement Diagnostic to enroll in course Mechanics.

For more information, see the department's Physics Placement Diagnostic page.

Fulfill ANY of the following requirements:
Complete ALL of the following Courses:
  • 1226171
  • 2114241
  • 1226191
  • 1226371
    OR
    2016041
  • 1226241
  • 1226251
  • 1226541
OR
Complete ALL of the following Courses:
  • 1226431
  • 2114251
  • 1226461
  • 2011271
  • 1226511
  • 2016041

Although not generally recommended, students with sufficient lab preparation who do not take all three required introductory lab courses may substitute an extra advanced lab course (PHYSICS 100, 104, 105, 106, 107, or 108) for all three required introductory labs. Note that in this case, taking any of the introductory labs does not in any way reduce the requirement of taking an extra advanced lab. In general, only an extra advanced lab, not any other courses, may substitute for the intro labs. A student must apply to make this substitution using the usual course substitution form.

Fulfill ALL of the following requirements:
Fulfill ANY of the following requirements:
Complete ALL of the following Courses:
  • 1172571
  • 1172591
  • 1172611
OR
Complete ALL of the following Courses:
  • 1172581
  • 1172601
  • 1172621
AND
Complete at least 1 of the following Courses:
  • 2196241
  • 2089871
  • 2101931

In years when course Theory of Partial Differential Equations is not offered, course Partial Differential Equations of Applied Mathematics is a recommended alternative.

Complete ALL of the following Courses:
  • 1226791
  • 1226801
  • 1226821
  • 1226941
Completion requirement
Select one of the pathways defined below and complete six courses for the selected pathway.

In addition to the courses listed within the Core Program Requirements section above (required for all majors), Physics Majors must also complete 6 additional courses as defined for one of the Individual Pathways listed below. A course taken to satisfy a Core Program Requirement (above) cannot also count for an Individual Pathway requirement.

Any course taken to satisfy a pathway requirement must be at least 3 units. Pathways are not declarable in Axess; they do not appear on the transcript nor on the diploma. A letter grade of 'C-' or higher is required for all courses in each pathway; therefore, any course in another department that does not offer a letter grade cannot count towards the requirement for a pathway, even if the course is listed as an option for a pathway.

Please note that in any given year some of the courses that satisfy certain Pathway requirements may not be offered.  There will always be a way to complete the Physics Major, but you may need to consider changes to the courses or Pathway you have planned in order to satisfy the Physics Major requirements.

Fulfill ALL of the following requirements:
Complete ALL of the following Courses:
  • 1226771
  • 1226831
  • 1226951
AND
Complete at least 1 of the following Courses:
  • 1226691
  • 2227141
  • 1226731
  • 2227071
  • 1226751
  • 2016051
  • 2002611
  • 2204461
AND
Complete one Physics (PHYSICS) or Applied Physics (APPPHYS) course of 3 or more units, numbered 100 and above (not including PHYSICS 190, 198, 199, 201, 205, 240, 241, 290, 291, 293, 294, APPPHYS 100, APPPHYS 290, APPPHYS 291, APPPHYS 390, or any APPPHYS course numbered 400 or higher).
AND
Complete at least 1 of the following Courses:
  • 2002601
  • 2085281
  • 1253981
  • 1038971

Or any MATH course numbered 101 and above (not 197), of 3 units or more.

The Core Pathway is the recommended starting point for students considering applying to Ph.D. programs in Physics.

Fulfill ALL of the following requirements:
Complete ALL of the following Courses:
  • 1226691
  • 1226771
  • 1226891
  • 1226901
    OR
    1227311
AND
Complete at least 2 of the following Courses:
  • 2224712
  • 2002611
  • 1226831
  • 2204461
    OR
    1254211
  • 1226951
  • 1227311

GEOLSCI 219 counts for this requirement but GEOLSCI 119 does not.

course and course are jointly taught to undergraduates and graduate students (PHYSICS 260 and PHYSICS 261 are for graduate students). Undergraduates must register for 160/161 not 260/261.

Fulfill ALL of the following requirements:
Complete ALL of the following Courses:
  • 1226771
    OR
    1226831
  • 1226951
AND
Complete at least 3 of the following Courses:
  • 2132591
    OR
    2132592
  • 2079081
    OR
    2079082
    OR
    2079083
  • 2204251
    OR
    2204252
  • 2124481
    OR
    2124482
  • 2079241
    OR
    2079242
  • 2097861
  • 2115241
  • 2100551
AND
Complete at least 1 of the following Courses:
  • 2040304
  • 1226691
  • 2227141
  • 1226731
  • 2227071
  • 1226751
  • 2016051
  • 2002611
  • 2204461

It is recommended that Physics majors interested in pursuing a career in Biophysics consider a minor in Biology.

Fulfill ALL of the following requirements:
Complete ALL of the following Courses:
  • 1226771
  • 2002611
AND
Complete at least 3 of the following Courses:
  • 2127631
  • 1056821
  • 1056871
  • 1057251
  • 1057301
  • 1057501
  • 2198851
  • 2204461
  • 1253981
    OR
    2085281
  • 1254161
  • 1254211
  • 2022141
    OR
    1255552
AND
Complete one Physics (PHYSICS) or Applied Physics (APPPHYS) course of 3 or more units, numbered 100 and above (not including PHYSICS 190, 198, 199, 201, 205, 240, 241, 290, 291, 293, 294, APPPHYS 100, APPPHYS 290, APPPHYS 291, APPPHYS 390, or any APPPHYS course numbered 400 or higher).
Fulfill ALL of the following requirements:
Complete ALL of the following Courses:
  • 1226771
  • 1226831
    OR
    1226951
AND
Complete at least 3 of the following Courses:
  • 1291391
  • 2107961
  • 2216101
  • 1410561
  • 2015381
  • 2195001
  • 1291552
  • 2083591
  • 1291862
  • 2218001
  • 2217991
AND
Complete at least 1 of the following Courses:
  • 1226691
  • 2227141
  • 1226731
  • 2227071
  • 1226751
  • 2016051
  • 2002611
  • 2204461
Fulfill ALL of the following requirements:
Complete ALL of the following Courses:
  • 1226771
AND
Complete at least 1 of the following Courses:
  • 1226691
  • 2227141
  • 1226731
  • 2227071
  • 1226751
  • 2016051
  • 2002611
  • 2204461
AND
Complete at least 2 of the following Courses:
  • 2002601
  • 2085281
  • 1253981
  • 1038971

Or any MATH course numbered 101 and above (not 197), of 3 units or more.

AND
Complete two more elective courses. Theses can be two PHYSICS courses, 2 additional MATH courses, or 1 MATH and 1 PHYSICS course.

Additional MATH electives may be chosen from the Math Electives section above.

Physics Electives may be Physics (PHYSICS) or Applied Physics (APPPHYS) courses of 3 or more units, numbered 100 and above (not including PHYSICS 190, 198, 199, 201, 205, 240, 241, 290, 291, 293, 294, APPPHYS 100, APPPHYS 290, APPPHYS 291, APPPHYS 390, or any APPPHYS course numbered 400 or higher).

Fulfill ALL of the following requirements:
Complete ALL of the following Courses:
  • 1226771
  • 1226831
    OR
    1226951
AND
Complete at least 3 of the following Courses:
  • 2025561
  • 2026661
  • 2164871
  • 2154622
    OR
    2154621
  • 2043481
  • 2093451
  • 2103041
  • 2153521
  • 2188261
  • 1014961
AND
Complete at least 1 of the following Courses:
  • 1226691
  • 2227141
  • 1226731
  • 2227071
  • 1226751
  • 2016051
  • 2002611
  • 2204461
Fulfill ALL of the following requirements:
Complete ALL of the following Courses:
  • 1226771
    OR
    1226951
  • 1226831
  • 2002641
AND
Complete at least 2 of the following Courses:
  • 2086981
  • 2192971
  • 1056821
  • 2136071
  • 1040591
    OR
    1040592
AND
Complete at least 1 of the following Courses:
  • 1226691
  • 2227141
  • 1226731
  • 2227071
  • 1226751
  • 2016051
  • 2002611
  • 2204461
In rare cases, a student may propose a new pathway. The proposed courses must have a theme (rather than being a disconnected set of courses), and they should either include physics content, benefit from a physics perspective, deepen the student’s understanding of physics, or allow students to apply their physics knowledge more broadly. The proposal should be as specific as possible and include detailed rationale for the pathway. The proposed pathway must not be largely redundant with an existing pathway or major. The proposal should address feasibility issues such as whether the proposed courses are offered with sufficient frequency.

Suggestions for Students Interested in Pursuing a Ph.D. Program in Physics or Closely-Related Fields

Research in physics is roughly divided into fields that include astrophysics, atomic, molecular and optical (AMO) physics, biophysics, condensed matter physics, and particle physics. Physics research at Stanford includes computational, experimental, observational, and theoretical work in these fields. It can be useful to consult with faculty in each of the research areas that you might be interested in pursuing in graduate school, since recommendations for preparation often vary by field. See the Physics Research Areas webpage to get started.

The above requirements are the minimum for the Physics major; they are intended to provide a foundation in math and physics that prepares students for the very wide range of careers pursued by Physics majors. However, if a student is considering pursuing a Ph.D. program in Physics, the department recommends that they complete more than the required Math and Physics courses in a pathway. In particular, they should take PHYSICS 110, 131, 134, and 171, which are necessary elements of undergraduate Physics in preparation for Ph.D. programs.

The department also recommends acquiring laboratory experience, e.g., courses such as PHYSICS 100, 104, 105, 106, 107, or 108, or research experience in an experimental laboratory. It also recommends completing additional Physics and Math courses based on the student's interests and the advice of faculty in their field(s) of interest. In addition, they should pursue research in physics, e.g., through the Undergraduate Summer Research program in the Physics department, or through research opportunities outside Stanford.

The department strongly recommends that students consult with their Physics major advisor (and faculty in any research area in which they are interested) for recommendations on courses and research or internship opportunities, and attend the faculty-led group advising meetings held near the end of Autumn Quarter on applying for summer research, and in the Autumn and Spring quarters on thinking about advanced degrees.

Completion requirement
Complete ALL of the following Courses:
  • 2229101

course Intermediate Physics Laboratory II: Experimental Techniques and Data Analysis qualifies for WIM if taken in 2019-20 or earlier.

Completion requirement

A capstone is only required for students in the class of 2025 and later.  The Physics Department will be updating the list of allowed capstones later this year.

Senior Thesis

The department offers Physics majors the opportunity to complete a senior thesis. These are the guidelines:

  1. Students must submit a Senior Thesis Application form once they identify a physics project, either theoretical or experimental, in consultation with individual faculty members. Proposal forms are available from the undergraduate coordinator, and must be submitted by the week prior to the Thanksgiving break of the academic year in which the student plans to graduate.

  2. Credit for the project is assigned by the adviser within the framework of course Senior Thesis Research. A minimum of 3 units of course Senior Thesis Research must be completed for a letter grade during the senior year. Work completed in the senior thesis program may not be used as a substitute for regular required courses for the Physics major.

  3. A written report and a presentation of the work at its completion are required for the senior thesis. By mid-May, the senior thesis candidate is required to present the project at the department's Senior Thesis Presentation Program. This event is publicized and open to the general public. The expectation is that the student's adviser, second reader, and all other senior thesis candidates attend.

Completion requirement
Physics majors are granted a Bachelor of Science in Physics with Honors if they satisfy these three requirements beyond the general Physics major requirements:
  1. The student files for entry into the honors program by completing an Honors Thesis Application by the same deadline as the Senior Thesis Application. Eligibility is confirmed by the department.

  2. The student completes course work with an overall GPA of 3.30 or higher, and a GPA of 3.50 or higher in courses required for the Physics major.

  3. The student completes a senior thesis by meeting the deadlines and requirements described in the Senior Thesis section below:

The department offers Physics majors the opportunity to complete a Senior Thesis.

These are the guidelines:

  • Students must submit a Senior Thesis Application form once they identify a physics project, either theoretical or experimental, in consultation with individual faculty members. Proposal forms are available from the undergraduate coordinator and must be submitted by the week prior to the Thanksgiving break of the academic year in which the student plans to graduate.

  • Credit for the project is assigned by the adviser within the framework of course Senior Thesis Research. A minimum of 3 units of course Senior Thesis Research must be completed for a letter grade during the senior year. Work completed in the senior thesis program may not be used as a substitute for regular required courses for the Physics major.

  • A written report and a presentation of the work at its completion are required for the senior thesis. By mid-May, the senior thesis candidate is required to present the project at the department's Senior Thesis Presentation Program. This event is publicized and open to the general public. The expectation is that the student's adviser, second reader, and all other senior thesis candidates attend.